ABSTRACT
Background & objectives: Almost round-the-year occurrence of Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi A has been noticed in Rourkela since last 13 and five years respectively. The incidence of infection along with the antibiogram of these two serotypes in this area were carried out. Methods: The study was carried out at Ispat General Hospital, Rourkela, India, between January 2005 and December 2008 with 5340 blood samples collected from patients with suspected enteric fever and pyrexia of unknown origin. Isolation, identification and antibiogram of the causative organisms were performed according to standard bacteriological procedures. Results: A total of 298 Salmonella isolates showed an overall per cent positivity of 5.58. Multidrug resistance was found in 11.96 per cent and 15.62 per cent isolates of S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi A respectively. Less than 2 per cent isolates of Salmonella showed resistance to ciprofloxacin. A resistance of 3.0 to 6.25 per cent against third generation cephalosporins was observed among the salmonella isolates. Interpretation & conclusion: A round-the-year occurrence of Salmonella spp. in Rourkela might have been due to the presence of a considerable number of carriers in the locality, poor sanitation in nearby slum areas, and inadequate and contaminated community water supply at times. Higher degree of susceptibility among S. Typhi isolates against various antibiotics was encouraging, but increasing trend of resistance observed among S. Paratyphi A isolates was a matter of concern.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Cephalosporins/pharmacology , Ciprofloxacin/pharmacology , Community-Acquired Infections , Drug Resistance, Multiple/drug effects , Fever/drug therapy , Fever/epidemiology , Fever/microbiology , Humans , Incidence , India/epidemiology , Microbial Sensitivity Tests/methods , Paratyphoid Fever/drug therapy , Paratyphoid Fever/epidemiology , Paratyphoid Fever/microbiology , Salmonella paratyphi A/drug effects , Salmonella paratyphi A/isolation & purification , Salmonella paratyphi A/metabolism , Salmonella typhi/drug effects , Salmonella typhi/isolation & purification , Salmonella typhi/metabolism , Sanitation , Typhoid Fever/drug therapy , Typhoid Fever/epidemiology , Typhoid Fever/microbiology , Water PollutantsABSTRACT
Between January 1999 and December 2001, the isolation rate of Salmonella typhi in Rourkela was found to be under steady fall as compared to the isolation rate encountered between 1996 and 1998. Of 4378 blood samples tested, 254 were found positive for S. typhi giving an over all per cent positivity of 5.8. Enteric fever was found to occur almost through out the year. An over all 30.7 per cent of multi drug resistant (MDR) strains of S. typhi have appeared during this period. Proper and timely health education besides undertaking corrective measures in sanitary system and water supply management, appeared to have a cumulative effect in the steady reduction of enteric fever morbidity in this region.
Subject(s)
Adult , Child , Child, Preschool , Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial , Female , Humans , India/epidemiology , Infant , Male , Middle Aged , Retrospective Studies , Salmonella typhi/drug effects , Time Factors , Typhoid Fever/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Out of 5410 blood samples 715 samples were found positive for Salmonella typhi. Enteric fever was prevalent for last three years in Rourkela. In last two years, a number of multidrug resistant strains of Salmonella typhi was isolated which constituted almost 16.1% of the total isolates. In this study, chloramphenicol sensitivity was found quite high (86.5%) and ceftriaxone showed 100% sensitivity. Resistance to ciprofloxacin was found 2.5% which due to direct consequence of indiscriminate use of antibiotics, either singly or in combination.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Child , Child, Preschool , Drug Resistance, Microbial , Drug Resistance, Multiple , Female , Humans , India/epidemiology , Infant , Male , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Salmonella typhi/drug effects , Typhoid Fever/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Between January 1996 and December 1998, the isolation rate of Salmonella typhi in Rourkela was found to be on a steady rise. Of the 7866 samples (blood and bone marrow) tested, 988 were found positive for S. typhi giving an overall per cent positivity of 12.56. Enteric fever was found to occur almost throughout the year with a peak from early winter up to the end of summer. In this study, chloramphenicol was found to have an average sensitivity of 87.46 per cent. Ceftriaxone showed 100 per cent sensitivity.
Subject(s)
Adult , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , India/epidemiology , Infant , Male , Middle Aged , Retrospective Studies , Salmonella Infections/epidemiology , Salmonella typhi/isolation & purificationABSTRACT
The in vitro susceptibility pattern with respect to lomefloxacin was determined in case of 1009 bacterial isolates from clinical specimens with varying susceptibility to commonly used antimicrobial agents. The MIC50 and MIC90 values of lomefloxacin for the Gram negative bacilli showed susceptibility value ranging between 0.12 to 4.0 micrograms/ml, while 90 per cent of the streptococci tested were inhibited only at 16 micrograms/ml. Lomefloxacin was comparable in activity to enoxacin and ciprofloxacin but it was more active than norfloxacin and nalidixic acid.